He proceeded to install his family into key positions, and forced his daughter Lucrezia Borgia to marry three times, starting when she was 13 her third wedding was celebrated by an orgy so spectacular it was mentioned in the diplomatic archives of many European courts. He ran a lucrative sideline selling the title of cardinal to the wealthiest buyers.
On the upside, he is remembered as a gifted orator, and a patron of the arts and sciences: Raphael, Michelangelo and Pinturicchio all worked for him. The possibly mythical female one According to legend, Pope Joan reigned from around to Her story first appeared in chronicles in the 13th century and subsequently spread throughout Europe. She was said to have been a talented and learned individual who dressed as a man for career reasons, and flew up through the ranks of the church hierarchy.
As you do. The story of the wonder woman pope was widely believed for centuries, but sadly, most modern theologians scholars regard it as a work of fiction. A conspiracy theorist might argue that they would say that. Rose worked at British codebreaking centre 60 years before making her West End debut.
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Please subscribe to sign in to comment. You should receive instructions for resetting your password. The election process can take days. In previous centuries it has gone on for weeks or months and some cardinals have even died during conclaves.
The process is designed to prevent any of the details of the voting emerging, either during or after the conclave. The threat of excommunication hangs over anyone tempted to break this silence. But Benedict XVI changed the requirements back so that a two-thirds majority is required, meaning the man elected is likely to be a compromise candidate. Before the voting begins in the Sistine Chapel, the entire area is checked by security experts to ensure there are no hidden microphones or cameras.
Once the conclave has begun, the cardinals eat, vote and sleep within closed-off areas until a new pope has been chosen. They are allowed no contact with the outside world - barring a medical emergency.
All radios and television sets are removed, no newspapers or magazines are allowed in, and mobile phones are banned.
Two doctors are allowed into the conclave, as well as priests who are able to hear confessions in various languages and housekeeping staff. All these staff have to swear an oath promising to observe perpetual secrecy, and undertake not to use sound or video recording equipment. Voting is held in the Sistine Chapel, "where everything is conducive to an awareness of the presence of God, in whose sight each person will one day be judged".
On the day the conclave begins, the cardinals celebrate Mass in the morning before walking in procession to the chapel. Once the cardinals are inside the conclave area, they have to swear an oath of secrecy. Then, the Latin command "extra omnes" "everyone out" instructs all those not involved in the election to leave before the doors are closed.
The cardinals have the option of holding a single ballot on the afternoon of the first day. From the second day, two ballots are held in the morning and two in the afternoon.
The ballot paper is rectangular. Below is a space for the name of the person chosen. The cardinals are instructed to write the name in a way that does not identify them, and to fold the paper twice. After all the votes have been cast, the papers are mixed, counted and opened.
As the papers are counted, one of the scrutineers calls out the names of those cardinals who have received votes. He pierces each paper with a needle - through the word "Eligio" - placing all the ballots on a single thread. The ballot papers are then burned - giving off the smoke visible to onlookers outside which traditionally turns from black to white once a new pope has been chosen.
Damp straw was once added to the stove to turn the smoke black, but over the years there has often been confusion over the colour of the smoke. Known as a reformer and unafraid to take on the establishment, Pope Francis has made headlines for his controversial stances on gay and civil unions, climate change and economic inequality.
Among the list of popes, is Pope Francis the best pope ever? We counted Popes, but which Pope has contributed the most to changing the history of the church of Rome and its art?
As we were itching to learn more, we sat down with our very knowledgeable Rome guides and Vatican experts, and they shared with us their favorite Popes based on personalities, contributions and fondness for the arts.
For those of you looking for further Papal immersion, check out our online seminars, called Context Conversations. Our scholars and experts are known to dabble in the intriguing history and personalities of the popes in our online seminars and courses. We're most excited about our History of Popes course with Dr.
Thomas Madden. The first on our list is Pope Sixtus IV, who ascended to the papacy more than years before Pope Francis, yet shared a similar fearlessness and determination. Besides his high-aiming political scope, which led him to bestow privileges on his fifteen nephews — nipote — and is where we get the term nepotism, this pope also had monumental plans for Rome.
Sixtus IV invested heavily in architectural and urban projects that renovated the city of Rome — renovatio urbis. Sixtus IV improved and paved the streets of Rome, repaired the Aqua Virgo, one of the ancient Roman aqueducts, and its fountain at the Trevi, rebuilt S.
Maria del Popolo where many of the della Rovere — his family — are buried, created the first museum of antique sculptures, known today as the Capitoline Museum, which included the famous bronze she-wolf, but he is perhaps best known for building the Sistine Chapel.
Working as a team they painted frescos depicting the Life of Moses and the Life of Christ. These paintings were completed in A year later, Sixtus celebrated the first mass in the Sistine Chapel for the Feast of the Assumption, at which ceremony the chapel was consecrated and dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
All the works of art commissioned by Urban VIII were aimed at displaying not only the supremacy of the pope and the Catholic church but also his family, whose coat of arms — of three bees, can be spotted in many paintings, sculptures, and buildings in Rome. In the 19th century, one scholar started counting the Barberini bees in Rome and gave up when he hit 6, It is almost impossible to go anywhere in Rome today without coming across a Bernini work of art.
If you like exorcism and heads on stakes then Sixtus V stands out in the list of popes. Famous for rooting out corruption and lawlessness in Roman society by displaying criminals decapitated heads on stakes around the city he also performed exorcisms to get rid of pagan demons, after re-erecting four ancient Egyptian obelisks as signposts to pilgrims across Rome. The Vatican obelisk at Basilica of St. Peter, for example, has an inscription referring to exorcism on the east and west sides to keep evil away from the Vatican.
Our vatican scholars also tell us the Dome of St.
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